Understanding CBD: A Comprehensive Buyer’s Guide to Extracts
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Are you feeling daunted by the sheer variety of CBD products available? You're not alone.
Since the enactment of the Farm Bill in 2018, consumers have encountered an overwhelming influx of CBD oils, edibles, vapes, topicals, and more. In this article, we will explore the various types of CBD, the extraction methods employed, and the common additives, enabling you to choose the products that best meet your needs.
Before diving into specifics, let's start with some fundamental concepts.
What is CBD, and How Does It Function?
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a compound predominantly found in hemp. Both hemp and cannabis plants contain over 120 related compounds known as cannabinoids.
These plant cannabinoids, including CBD, interact with a series of receptors within the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), which plays a crucial role in maintaining balance in essential functions, such as:
- Sleep cycles
- Mood regulation
- Body temperature
- Inflammatory responses
- Fertility
- Pain management
Our bodies naturally produce endocannabinoids like anandamide and 2-AG. A deficiency in these internal cannabinoids can lead to various symptoms, and an extreme shortfall can result in Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency (CECD). Researchers believe CECD could be linked to persistent conditions like fibromyalgia, migraines, and irritable bowel syndrome.
CBD and other cannabinoids assist in maintaining this balance by boosting internal endocannabinoid levels and directly stimulating ECS receptors.
Now that we have a basic understanding of CBD, let's examine the different extraction types.
Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum, and Isolates Defined
If you have been exploring CBD products, you may have encountered terms like full-spectrum, broad-spectrum, and isolate. Let’s break down what these mean to help you find the best option for your requirements.
Full-Spectrum CBD
Full-spectrum CBD retains all active components of hemp, including beneficial elements like terpenes, flavonoids, essential fatty acids, and other cannabinoids. It may also contain up to 0.3% delta-9 THC.
These components work synergistically to create what is known as the entourage effect, a concept often discussed in herbal medicine. During this effect, all active compounds collaborate to provide therapeutic benefits that exceed their individual contributions.
Broad-Spectrum CBD
Broad-spectrum extracts, often labeled as THC-free or T-Free, have all THC removed. This type is ideal for those seeking the entourage effect without any trace of THC.
CBD Isolates
CBD isolates offer a pure form of CBD and do not provide the benefits of the entourage effect. However, they are often the preferred choice for individuals who may be subject to drug testing. You'll also come across “distillate,” which usually refers to highly concentrated full-spectrum CBD, though some manufacturers produce THC-free distillates as well.
CBD Extraction Techniques
Since cannabinoids like CBD are lipid-based, they do not dissolve in water easily. When creating CBD-infused edibles, cooks typically utilize oil or butter for extraction, but these oil-based infusions tend to have a shorter shelf life compared to other extraction methods.
Most manufacturers use solvents or carbon dioxide to extract cannabinoids and terpenes from hemp flowers.
Solvent-Based Extraction
Manufacturers commonly utilize Class 3 solvents for extracting CBD and other compounds from hemp. The FDA has determined that Class 3 solvents possess low toxicity and do not require health-based exposure limits. However, there is a Permitted Daily Exposure Limit (PDE) set at approximately 50 milligrams for residual Class 3 solvents.
While the FDA permits certain amounts of Class 3 solvents in food and topical applications, this does not guarantee safety with long-term exposure. Inhaling residual solvents, particularly in CBD vape oils, may pose health risks. The long-term effects of low-level solvent exposure during regular use are not yet fully understood.
Class 3 solvents can also generate harmful Class 1 and Class 2 byproducts. For instance, butane, which is derived from natural gas, may carry traces of benzene, toluene, and xylenes.
Hydrocarbons Manufacturers may also use hydrocarbons like butane and propane for CBD extraction. This process involves soaking plant material in the solvent until cannabinoids and terpenes are released, followed by purging the residual solvent from the CBD oil. While this method is cost-effective and efficient, improper handling can leave harmful solvent residues.
Warning: Do not attempt to perform butane extractions at home. Butane is highly flammable and can explode. Additionally, the butane sold in hardware stores often contains dangerous impurities. DIY butane extraction is illegal in many jurisdictions. Licensed professional labs that conduct butane extractions are equipped with safety equipment and follow strict protocols.
Ethanol Ethanol is frequently employed for large-scale CBD extractions. This refined alcohol is commonly used in products like paints, gasoline, food additives, and cosmetics. Those who create alcohol tinctures at home typically use a purified version known as “grain alcohol.”
The CDC warns that inhaling ethanol can cause coughs, headaches, and eye irritation. Furthermore, the New Jersey Department of Health notes that repeated high exposure may affect liver and nervous system function, making ethanol a questionable ingredient in CBD vape products.
CO2 Extractions An increasing number of CBD companies are adopting carbon dioxide (CO2) for cleaner extractions, utilizing a method known as supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The downside is the high cost of specialized equipment required for this process, which separates cannabinoids, terpenes, and other active ingredients from the raw plant material. Once separation is complete, the extracted mixture moves to a final chamber where the CO2 evaporates, yielding pure CBD-rich hemp oil.
Steam Distillation Steam distillation is a clean extraction method but is less efficient compared to CO2 extraction. It can be tricky, as overheating can damage sensitive cannabinoids and terpenes.
Carrier Oils
CBD tinctures typically blend a small amount of cannabidiol with a larger volume of carrier oil, which enhances the absorption of CBD since these compounds are fat-soluble. In essence, carrier oils improve CBD bioavailability.
They also increase the overall liquid volume, facilitating easier dosing. Some carrier oils boast additional health benefits. Various oils are used as carriers, and companies may combine multiple types.
Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT) Oil MCT oil is the most common carrier oil used by CBD manufacturers, often labeled as “fractionated coconut oil.” MCTs, derived from coconut or palm oil, boost the bioavailability of CBD. Topical CBD products with MCT oil tend to absorb well into the skin. Moreover, MCT oil is cost-effective, nearly tasteless, and has a long shelf life. It may also offer health benefits like combating yeast and aiding weight loss.
However, MCT oil has potential downsides. Some individuals experience digestive issues, including nausea, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also be unsuitable for people with diabetes or liver disease and can interact with statins used for high cholesterol.
Hemp Seed Oil Hemp seed oil has been consumed for its nutritional advantages for thousands of years. It is rich in antioxidants, omega fatty acids, fiber, and minerals. Being derived from the same plant as CBD, many experts believe hemp seed oil contributes to the entourage effect, making it an excellent carrier for full-spectrum products.
Yet, it has its downsides: 1. Hemp seed oil is often more expensive than other carrier oils. 2. It has a distinct herbal taste that may not be appealing to everyone. 3. Some users report adverse effects like digestive discomfort, throat irritation, a slowed heart rate, and elevated blood pressure.
Olive Oil The benefits of olive oil are well recognized in scientific studies. Unfortunately, its nutrient density makes it difficult to achieve high concentrations of CBD, resulting in lower potency compared to other products.
Avocado Oil Rich in antioxidants such as vitamins A, B, D, and E, avocado oil is well-absorbed by the digestive system and has a pleasant nutty flavor. However, CBD tinctures using avocado oil tend to be significantly more expensive than those made with other carrier oils. Other carrier oils like grapeseed or sesame oil may also be used.
For those wary of commercial carrier oils, consider purchasing pure CBD distillate or isolate and combining it with a preferred carrier.
CBD Vape Oil Ingredients
Ingredients in CBD vape oils are particularly concerning as they are intended for inhalation. Regular CBD oils are unsuitable for vaping due to their formulation for digestive processing. Some ingredients that are safe to ingest could be harmful when inhaled.
To prevent clogging, CBD vape oil manufacturers often include thinning agents. Common additives include: - Propylene glycol (PG) - Vegetable glycerin (VG) - Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) - Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)
The long-term effects of these additives when vaped are largely unknown, and some studies indicate that these thinning agents can produce harmful byproducts when heated.
The Great Vape Scare of 2019 heightened awareness regarding vape oil components. It’s essential to prioritize lab testing for CBD vape products. Untested black-market products may contain harmful cutting agents like vitamin E acetate.
While vaping offers rapid effects of CBD, the presence of questionable ingredients can pose health risks. To avoid additives, consider using pure CBD oil distillates or vaping raw hemp flower with a dry-herb vaporizer.
Flavorings
Flavorings are another crucial aspect to consider when purchasing CBD products. High-quality CBD options typically avoid artificial additives, instead opting for natural fruit, mint, and terpene flavorings. New users might prefer fruit, mint, or unflavored CBD oils.
Conversely, seasoned cannabis consumers may find strain-specific terpene flavors more satisfying, particularly when selecting CBD vape products, which can include iconic strains like Blue Dream, Gelato, and Pineapple Express.
Alternative Cannabinoids
You may also find hemp-derived products that feature cannabinoids other than CBD, either individually or in combination. The two most notable alternative cannabinoids include: - Cannabigerol (CBG): Referred to as the “Mother Cannabinoid,” CBG is non-psychoactive and shows promise for various therapeutic applications. - Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-8): A close relative of THC, Delta-8 offers milder psychoactive effects.
Importance of Lab Testing
Trustworthy CBD products always come with a Certificate of Analysis (COA) from a third-party lab. If a company is unwilling to provide this documentation, it’s best to avoid the product.
Third-party lab testing confirms that the product is free from harmful substances like fungi, pesticides, heavy metals, and residual solvents. COAs also indicate the CBD concentration and ensure compliance with the legal limit of 0.3% THC.
Tips for Selecting CBD Products
Here are some essential steps to follow when shopping for CBD products: - Consult a trusted healthcare professional to ensure CBD is suitable for your needs, as it may interact with certain medications. This article is intended for educational purposes and should not replace professional medical advice. - Determine whether you want full-spectrum, broad-spectrum, or isolated CBD. - Review the product’s COA for potency and purity. - Ensure you are not allergic to any included ingredients. - Reflect on whether the product and company align with your values. For example, do they employ organic and sustainable farming practices? Are their products vegan-friendly? Does the company contribute to the local community?
Thank you for taking the time to read this article! We hope it simplifies your next CBD shopping experience. For more informative content regarding CBD, hemp, and cannabis, please follow Beaches and Weed.